******************************************************************************** ******************************************************************************** **Replication do-file for Appendix for Jakana L. Thomas. "Wolves in Sheep's Clothing: Assessing the Effect of Gender Norms on the Lethality of Female Suicide Terrorism" International Organization*** ******************************************************************************** ******************************************************************************** **Following models can be replicated using the main manuscript replication .dta file. ** use "JThomas_IO.dta", clear **Section 3 *3.1 (Table 3 excluding outlier campaigns)/Figure 2: Figure 2: Expected Change in Lethality of Suicide Attack by Gender, Excluding Outlier Campaigns gen outliercampaign=0 replace outliercampaign=1 if campaign_number==2 replace outliercampaign=1 if campaign_number==8 replace outliercampaign=1 if campaign_number==13 nbreg number_killed i.female0_1 numwoundmonth_lag lnbd number_terrorists_year numkillmonth_lag religion_imp many_attackers_cat weapon0_1 assassination0_1 political security t1 t2 t3 if outliercampaign==0, vce (cluster campaign_number) nbreg number_killed female0_1##c.ratiooffemaletomalelaborforcepar numwoundmonth_lag lnbd number_terrorists_year numkillmonth_lag religion_imp many_attackers_cat weapon0_1 assassination0_1 political security t1 t2 t3 if outliercampaign==0, vce (cluster campaign_number) margins, dydx(female0_1) at((asobserved) ratiooffemaletomalelaborforcepar =(8.91 (1) 87.40)) level(90) marginsplot, ytitle(Expected Change in the Number of Fatalities) nbreg number_killed female0_1##c.v2x_gencs numwoundmonth_lag lnbd number_terrorists_year numkillmonth_lag religion_imp many_attackers_cat weapon0_1 assassination0_1 political security t1 t2 t3 if outliercampaign==0, vce (cluster campaign_number) margins, dydx(female0_1) at((asobserved) v2x_gencs =(.206 (.01) .937)) level(90) marginsplot, ytitle(Expected Change in the Number of Fatalities) nbreg number_killed female0_1##c.nonvprotgovt_cat numwoundmonth_lag lnbd number_terrorists_year numkillmonth_lag religion_imp many_attackers_cat weapon0_1 assassination0_1 political security t1 t2 t3 if outliercampaign==0, vce (cluster campaign_number) margins, dydx(female0_1) at((asobserved) nonvprotgovt_cat =(0 (1) 4)) level(90) marginsplot, ytitle(Expected Change in the Number of Fatalities) recastci(rarea) * 3.2 (Table 4 excluding high-lethality attacks)/Figure 4: Expected Change in Lethality of Suicide Attack by Gender, Excluding Outlier Attacks (≥100 fatalities) nbreg number_killed i.female0_1 numwoundmonth_lag lnbd number_terrorists_year numkillmonth_lag religion_imp many_attackers_cat weapon0_1 assassination0_1 political security t1 t2 t3 if number_killed<100, vce (cluster campaign_number) nbreg number_killed female0_1##c.ratiooffemaletomalelaborforcepar numwoundmonth_lag lnbd number_terrorists_year numkillmonth_lag religion_imp many_attackers_cat weapon0_1 assassination0_1 political security t1 t2 t3 if number_killed<100, vce (cluster campaign_number) margins, dydx(female0_1) at((asobserved) ratiooffemaletomalelaborforcepar =(8.87 (1) 96.8)) level(90) marginsplot, ytitle(Expected Change in the Number of Fatalities) nbreg number_killed female0_1##c.nonvprotgovt_cat numwoundmonth_lag lnbd number_terrorists_year numkillmonth_lag religion_imp many_attackers_cat weapon0_1 assassination0_1 political security t1 t2 t3 if number_killed<100, vce (cluster campaign_number) margins, dydx(female0_1) at((asobserved) nonvprotgovt_cat =(0 (1) 4)) level(90) marginsplot, ytitle(Expected Change in the Number of Fatalities) recastci(rarea) nbreg number_killed female0_1##c.v2x_gencs numwoundmonth_lag lnbd number_terrorists_year numkillmonth_lag religion_imp many_attackers_cat weapon0_1 assassination0_1 political security t1 t2 t3 if number_killed<100, vce (cluster campaign_number) margins, dydx(female0_1) at((asobserved) v2x_gencs =(.154 (.01) .948)) level(90) marginsplot, ytitle(Expected Change in the Number of Fatalities) *3.3 (Table 5 excluding political attacks) nbreg number_killed i.female0_1 numwoundmonth_lag lnbd number_terrorists_year numkillmonth_lag religion_imp many_attackers_cat weapon0_1 assassination0_1 security t1 t2 t3 if political==0, vce (cluster campaign_number) nbreg number_killed female0_1##c.ratiooffemaletomalelaborforcepar numwoundmonth_lag lnbd number_terrorists_year numkillmonth_lag religion_imp many_attackers_cat weapon0_1 assassination0_1 security t1 t2 t3 if political==0, vce (cluster campaign_number) margins, dydx(female0_1) at((asobserved) ratiooffemaletomalelaborforcepar =(8.92 (1) 87.40)) level(90) marginsplot, ytitle(Expected Change in the Number of Fatalities) nbreg number_killed female0_1##c.nonvprotgovt_cat numwoundmonth_lag lnbd number_terrorists_year numkillmonth_lag religion_imp many_attackers_cat weapon0_1 assassination0_1 security t1 t2 t3 if political==0, vce (cluster campaign_number) margins, dydx(female0_1) at((asobserved) nonvprotgovt_cat =(0 (1) 4)) level(90) marginsplot, ytitle(Expected Change in the Number of Fatalities) recastci(rarea) nbreg number_killed female0_1##c.v2x_gencs numwoundmonth_lag lnbd number_terrorists_year numkillmonth_lag religion_imp many_attackers_cat weapon0_1 assassination0_1 security t1 t2 t3 if political==0, vce (cluster campaign_number) margins, dydx(female0_1) at((asobserved) v2x_gencs =(.154 (.01) .948)) level(90) marginsplot, ytitle(Expected Change in the Number of Fatalities) *Section 4 *4.1 (Table 6: Time Fixed Effects) nbreg number_killed i.female0_1 numwoundmonth_lag lnbd number_terrorists_year numkillmonth_lag religion_imp many_attackers_cat weapon0_1 assassination0_1 political security i.year, vce (cluster campaign_number) nbreg number_killed female0_1##c.ratiooffemaletomalelaborforcepar numwoundmonth_lag lnbd number_terrorists_year numkillmonth_lag religion_imp many_attackers_cat weapon0_1 assassination0_1 political security i.year, vce (cluster campaign_number) margins, dydx(female0_1) at((asobserved) ratiooffemaletomalelaborforcepar =(8.92 (1) 87.40)) level(90) marginsplot, ytitle(Expected Change in the Number of Fatalities) nbreg number_killed female0_1##c.nonvprotgovt_cat numwoundmonth_lag lnbd number_terrorists_year numkillmonth_lag religion_imp many_attackers_cat weapon0_1 assassination0_1 political security i.year , vce (cluster campaign_number) margins, dydx(female0_1) at((asobserved) nonvprotgovt_cat =(0 (1) 4)) level(90) marginsplot, ytitle(Expected Change in the Number of Fatalities) recastci(rarea) nbreg number_killed female0_1##c.v2x_gencs numwoundmonth_lag lnbd number_terrorists_year numkillmonth_lag religion_imp many_attackers_cat weapon0_1 assassination0_1 political security i.year, vce (cluster campaign_number) margins, dydx(female0_1) at((asobserved) v2x_gencs =(.207 (.01) .937)) level(90) marginsplot, ytitle(Expected Change in the Number of Fatalities) * Tables 7-9 from this section use an expanded dataset, not the original replication file. Replication for these tables is listed below**** *Section 6 (Table 10: Failure) gen women0_1=female0_1 zinb number_killed female0_1 lnbd number_terrorists_year numkillmonth_lag numwoundmonth_lag religion_imp many_attackers_cat assassination0_1 weapon0_1 political security t1 t2 t3, inflate(women0_1 number_terrorists_year weapon0_1 assassination0 many_att ) vce (cluster campaign_number) zinb number_killed i.female0_1##c.ratiooffemaletomalelaborforcepar lnbd number_terrorists_year numkillmonth_lag numwoundmonth_lag religion_imp many_attackers_cat assassination0_1 weapon0_1 political security t1 t2 t3, inflate(women0_1 number_terrorists_year weapon0_1 assassination0 many_att ) vce (cluster campaign_number) margins, dydx(female0_1) at((asobserved) ratiooffemaletomalelaborforcepar =(8.87 (1) 96.8)) level(90) marginsplot, ytitle(Expected Change in the Number of Fatalities) zinb number_killed i.female0_1##c.nonvprotgovt_cat lnbd number_terrorists_year numkillmonth_lag numwoundmonth_lag religion_imp many_attackers_cat assassination0_1 weapon0_1 political security t1 t2 t3, inflate(women0_1 number_terrorists_year weapon0_1 assassination0 many_att ) vce (cluster campaign_number) margins, dydx(female0_1) at((asobserved) nonvprotgovt_cat =(0 (1) 4)) level(90) marginsplot, ytitle(Expected Change in the Number of Fatalities) recastci(rarea) zinb number_killed i.female0_1##c.v2x_gencs lnbd number_terrorists_year numkillmonth_lag numwoundmonth_lag religion_imp many_attackers_cat assassination0_1 weapon0_1 political security t1 t2 t3, inflate(women0_1 number_terrorists_year weapon0_1 assassination0 many_att ) vce (cluster campaign_number) margins, dydx(female0_1) at((asobserved) v2x_gencs =(.207 (.01) .937)) level(90) marginsplot, ytitle(Expected Change in the Number of Fatalities) *Section 7 see Below* * Section 8.2 Table 12: Post-Treatment Effects of Weapon nbreg number_killed female0_1 numwoundmonth_lag lnbd number_terrorists_year numkillmonth_lag religion_imp many_attackers_cat assassination0_1 political security t1 t2 t3, vce (cluster campaign_number) nbreg number_killed female0_1##c.ratiooffemaletomalelaborforcepar numwoundmonth_lag lnbd number_terrorists_year numkillmonth_lag religion_imp many_attackers_cat assassination0_1 political security t1 t2 t3, vce (cluster campaign_number) margins, dydx(female0_1) at((asobserved) ratiooffemaletomalelaborforcepar =(8.87 (1) 96.8)) level(90) marginsplot, ytitle(Expected Change in the Number of Fatalities) nbreg number_killed female0_1##c.nonvprotgovt_cat numwoundmonth_lag lnbd number_terrorists_year numkillmonth_lag religion_imp many_attackers_cat assassination0_1 political security t1 t2 t3, vce (cluster campaign_number) margins, dydx(female0_1) at((asobserved) nonvprotgovt_cat =(0 (1) 4)) level(90) marginsplot, ytitle(Expected Change in the Number of Fatalities) recastci(rarea) nbreg number_killed female0_1##c.v2x_gencs numwoundmonth_lag lnbd number_terrorists_year numkillmonth_lag religion_imp many_attackers_cat assassination0_1 political security t1 t2 t3, vce (cluster campaign_number) margins, dydx(female0_1) at((asobserved) v2x_gencs =(.206 (.01) .937)) level(90) marginsplot, ytitle(Expected Change in the Number of Fatalities) *Section 9 see Below* * Section 10 Table 16: Over Time Effects nbreg number_killed female0_1 c.timesincefirstwoman##c.timesincefirstwoman numwoundmonth_lag lnbd number_terrorists_year numkillmonth_lag religion_imp many_attackers_cat weapon0_1 assassination0_1 political security t1 t2 t3, vce (cluster campaign_number) margins, predict () at((means) _all timesincefirstwoman=(0 (1) 30) female0_1=(1)) level(90) marginsplot *Section 11 Table 17: Poisson poisson number_killed i.female0_1 numwoundmonth_lag lnbd number_terrorists_year numkillmonth_lag religion_imp many_attackers_cat weapon0_1 assassination0_1 political security t1 t2 t3, vce (cluster campaign_number) poisson number_killed female0_1##c.ratiooffemaletomalelaborforcepar numwoundmonth_lag lnbd number_terrorists_year numkillmonth_lag religion_imp many_attackers_cat weapon0_1 assassination0_1 political security t1 t2 t3 , vce (cluster campaign_number) margins, dydx(female0_1) at((asobserved) ratiooffemaletomalelaborforcepar =(8.91 (1) 96.81)) level(90) marginsplot, ytitle(Expected Change in the Number of Fatalities) poisson number_killed female0_1##c.nonvprotgovt_cat numwoundmonth_lag lnbd number_terrorists_year numkillmonth_lag religion_imp many_attackers_cat weapon0_1 assassination0_1 political security t1 t2 t3 , vce (cluster campaign_number) margins, dydx(female0_1) at((asobserved) nonvprotgovt_cat =(0 (1) 4)) level(90) marginsplot, ytitle(Expected Change in the Number of Fatalities) recastci(rarea) poisson number_killed female0_1##c.v2x_gencs numwoundmonth_lag lnbd number_terrorists_year numkillmonth_lag religion_imp many_attackers_cat weapon0_1 assassination0_1 political security t1 t2 t3 , vce (cluster campaign_number) margins, dydx(female0_1) at((asobserved) v2x_gencs =(.207 (.01) .937)) level(90) marginsplot, ytitle(Expected Change in the Number of Fatalities) ******************************************************************************** ****Replications using modified dataset with more observations/variables ******************************************************************************** use "JThomas_IO_expanded.dta", clear *Section: 3.1 (Table 2: including isolated campaigns) nbreg number_killed female0_1 numwoundmonth_lag lnbd number_terrorists_year numkillmonth_lag religion_imp many_attackers_cat weapon0_1 assassination0_1 political security t1 t2 t3 if _911==0, vce (cluster campaign_number) nbreg number_killed female0_1##c.ratiooffemaletomalelaborforcepar numwoundmonth_lag lnbd number_terrorists_year numkillmonth_lag religion_imp many_attackers_cat weapon0_1 assassination0_1 political security t1 t2 t3 if _911==0, vce (cluster campaign_number) margins, dydx(female0_1) at((asobserved) ratiooffemaletomalelaborforcepar =(8.87 (1) 96.8)) level(90) marginsplot, ytitle(Expected Change in the Number of Fatalities) nbreg number_killed female0_1##c.nonvprotgovt_cat numwoundmonth_lag lnbd number_terrorists_year numkillmonth_lag religion_imp many_attackers_cat weapon0_1 assassination0_1 political security t1 t2 t3 if _911==0, vce (cluster campaign_number) margins, dydx(female0_1) at((asobserved) nonvprotgovt_cat =(0 (1) 4)) level(90) marginsplot, ytitle(Expected Change in the Number of Fatalities) recastci(rarea) nbreg number_killed female0_1##c.v2x_gencs numwoundmonth_lag lnbd number_terrorists_year numkillmonth_lag religion_imp many_attackers_cat weapon0_1 assassination0_1 political security t1 t2 t3 if _911==0, vce (cluster campaign_number) margins, dydx(female0_1) at((asobserved) v2x_gencs =(.206 (.01) .937)) level(90) marginsplot, ytitle(Expected Change in the Number of Fatalities) *Section 4.2: Selection *Table 7: state-level factors logit female0_1 number_terrorists_year ny_gdp_mktp_kd ratioof democ lnbd if campaign_number~=12 & _911==0, vce( cluster campaign_number) logit female0_1 number_terrorists_year ny_gdp_mktp_kd v2x_gencs democ lnbd if campaign_number~=12 & _911==0, vce( cluster campaign_number) logit female0_1 number_terrorists_year ny_gdp_mktp_kd nonvprotgovt_cat democ lnbd if campaign_number~=12 & _911==0, vce( cluster campaign_number) logit female0_1 africa middleeast asia europe if campaign_number~=12 & _911==0, vce(cluster campaign_number) *Table 8: group-level factors logit female0_1 leftist religious ethnic_separatist group_strength number_terrorists_year if campaign_number~=12 & _911==0, vce( cluster campaign_number) *Table 9 attack-level factors logit female0_1 political VBIED bodybomb many_attackers_cat security assassination0_1 if campaign_number~=12 & _911==0, vce( cluster campaign_number) *Section 7* *7.3: Table 11: Full range protest variable nbreg number_killed female0_1##c.nonvprotgovt numwoundmonth_lag lnbd number_terrorists_year numkillmonth_lag religion_imp many_attackers_cat weapon0_1 assassination0_1 political security t1 t2 t3 if campaign_number~=12 & _911==0, vce (cluster campaign_number) margins, dydx(female0_1) at((asobserved) nonvprotgovt =(0 (1) 8)) level(90) marginsplot, ytitle(Expected Change in the Number of Fatalities) *Section 9: ***Table 13: Including 9/11 nbreg number_killed female0_1 numwoundmonth_lag lnbd number_terrorists_year numkillmonth_lag religion_imp many_attackers_cat weapon0_1 assassination0_1 political security t1 t2 t3 if campaign_number~=12, vce (cluster campaign_number) nbreg number_killed female0_1##c.ratiooffemaletomalelaborforcepar numwoundmonth_lag lnbd number_terrorists_year numkillmonth_lag religion_imp many_attackers_cat weapon0_1 assassination0_1 political security t1 t2 t3 if campaign_number~=12, vce (cluster campaign_number) margins, dydx(female0_1) at((asobserved) ratiooffemaletomalelaborforcepar =(8.87 (1) 96.8)) level(90) marginsplot, ytitle(Expected Change in the Number of Fatalities) nbreg number_killed female0_1##c.nonvprotgovt_cat numwoundmonth_lag lnbd number_terrorists_year numkillmonth_lag religion_imp many_attackers_cat weapon0_1 assassination0_1 political security t1 t2 t3 if campaign_number~=12, vce (cluster campaign_number) margins, dydx(female0_1) at((asobserved) nonvprotgovt_cat =(0 (1) 4)) level(90) marginsplot, ytitle(Expected Change in the Number of Fatalities) recastci(rarea) nbreg number_killed female0_1##c.v2x_gencs numwoundmonth_lag lnbd number_terrorists_year numkillmonth_lag religion_imp many_attackers_cat weapon0_1 assassination0_1 political security t1 t2 t3 if campaign_number~=12, vce (cluster campaign_number) margins, dydx(female0_1) at((asobserved) v2x_gencs =(.206 (.01) .937)) level(90) marginsplot, ytitle(Expected Change in the Number of Fatalities) ****Table 14: Poisson model including 9/11 attacks poisson number_killed female0_1 numwoundmonth_lag lnbd number_terrorists_year numkillmonth_lag religion_imp many_attackers_cat weapon0_1 assassination0_1 political security t1 t2 t3 if campaign_number~=12, vce (cluster campaign_number) poisson number_killed female0_1##c.ratiooffemaletomalelaborforcepar numwoundmonth_lag lnbd number_terrorists_year numkillmonth_lag religion_imp many_attackers_cat weapon0_1 assassination0_1 political security t1 t2 t3 if campaign_number~=12, vce (cluster campaign_number) margins, dydx(female0_1) at((asobserved) ratiooffemaletomalelaborforcepar =(8.87 (1) 96.8)) level(90) marginsplot, ytitle(Expected Change in the Number of Fatalities) poisson number_killed female0_1##c.nonvprotgovt_cat numwoundmonth_lag lnbd number_terrorists_year numkillmonth_lag religion_imp many_attackers_cat weapon0_1 assassination0_1 political security t1 t2 t3 if campaign_number~=12, vce (cluster campaign_number) margins, dydx(female0_1) at((asobserved) nonvprotgovt_cat =(0 (1) 4)) level(90) marginsplot, ytitle(Expected Change in the Number of Fatalities) recastci(rarea) poisson number_killed female0_1##c.v2x_gencs numwoundmonth_lag lnbd number_terrorists_year numkillmonth_lag religion_imp many_attackers_cat weapon0_1 assassination0_1 political security t1 t2 t3 if campaign_number~=12, vce (cluster campaign_number) margins, dydx(female0_1) at((asobserved) v2x_gencs =(.206 (.01) .937)) level(90) marginsplot, ytitle(Expected Change in the Number of Fatalities) ***Table 15: 9/11 with Time Fixed Effects nbreg number_killed female0_1 numwoundmonth_lag lnbd number_terrorists_year numkillmonth_lag religion_imp many_attackers_cat weapon0_1 assassination0_1 political security i.year if campaign_number~=12, vce (cluster campaign_number) nbreg number_killed female0_1##c.ratiooffemaletomalelaborforcepar numwoundmonth_lag lnbd number_terrorists_year numkillmonth_lag religion_imp many_attackers_cat weapon0_1 assassination0_1 political security i.year if campaign_number~=12, vce (cluster campaign_number) margins, dydx(female0_1) at((asobserved) ratiooffemaletomalelaborforcepar =(8.87 (1) 96.8)) level(90) marginsplot, ytitle(Expected Change in the Number of Fatalities) nbreg number_killed female0_1##c.nonvprotgovt_cat numwoundmonth_lag lnbd number_terrorists_year numkillmonth_lag religion_imp many_attackers_cat weapon0_1 assassination0_1 political security i.year if campaign_number~=12, vce (cluster campaign_number) margins, dydx(female0_1) at((asobserved) nonvprotgovt_cat =(0 (1) 4)) level(90) marginsplot, ytitle(Expected Change in the Number of Fatalities) recastci(rarea) nbreg number_killed female0_1##c.v2x_gencs numwoundmonth_lag lnbd number_terrorists_year numkillmonth_lag religion_imp many_attackers_cat weapon0_1 assassination0_1 political security i.year if campaign_number~=12, vce (cluster campaign_number) margins, dydx(female0_1) at((asobserved) v2x_gencs =(.206 (.01) .937)) level(90) marginsplot, ytitle(Expected Change in the Number of Fatalities)